1. The Magic Silent E Rule
Silent E is like a quiet superhero. It does not make a sound, but gives the other vowel super strength:
• Cap (short a) ➔ Cape (long a)
• Kit (short i) ➔ Kite (long i)
• Hop (short o) ➔ Hope (long o)
Explain Simply (TL;DR)
Magic E makes the vowel say its long name: Cap becomes Cape, Pin becomes Pine.